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Emergency measures:As part of its winning 2009 bid to host the Olympics, Rio promised to treat 80 percent of the pollution, a task requiring enormous, expensive infrastructure improvements.When the races start, the floating garbage collectors will be out in force."But the Games will go away and the pollution will stay," said Plastic Pallet Torben Grael, who now coaches the Brazilian sailing team. She was famously pictured on a paddleboard in Guanabara pretending to watch a television she'd just found.It's the big, floating stuff capable of snaring or even damaging boats and medal dreams that keep athletes like Kahena Kunze and her 49er crewmate Martine Grael up at night.Because garbage collection in greater Rio is no better than the sewage treatment, the bay brims with plastic bags, bottles, discarded furniture and dead animals.At a an eco-barrier on the River Meriti in the Duque de Caxias neighborhood, there was a soup of plastic, car tires, children's toys and household appliances including a microwave and a fridge.So, chances are that the contests will pass off without incident.Incredibly, the fact that sailors will compete in a giant cesspit -- which Brazilian researchers say contains drug-resistant superbacteria -- is not their main worry.Rio de Janeiro: When Olympic sailors compete in Rio the cameras will show a made-for-television scene of sparkling tropical waters and mountains. "It's not impossible.Having completely failed to deliver, Rio opted for emergency measures. Luckily, the billions of viewers won't catch the revolting stink.

The New York Times published a picture this week of a bloated human body in the bay.Each day, labourers go out in a small aluminum boat, scooping up some pieces and pushing the rest towards the bank, where a digger is used to shovel the debris into a dumpster."Unthinkable:Martine Grael, daughter of five times Olympic medalist Torben Grael, is an outspoken critic of the pollution failure."It's shameful," Kunze told AFP."Is there a chance we'll have some problem " he asked. These are nets placed across 17 rivers entering Guanabara -- rivers used by millions of people as garbage dumps and open sewers.Surveying the scene, Rio's state secretary for the environment, said eco-barriers are enough to ensure a trouble-free Olympics -- or almost. Another body part washed up on Copacabana beach, just outside Guanabara, in June."We were hoping for something better" from the Olympics, he said sadly."."The sailors' best ally will be mother nature: tidal streams keep areas picked for the contests relatively clean, while the dry August weather means less rain to wash garbage downstream."We've found dead dogs, rats, cats, everything," recalled one of the workers, who said he makes only 1,400 reais a month ($432) and works nine hour days.A fleet of 12 trash-collecting boats called "eco-barcos" have spent months patrolling the bay, plucking an average of 45 tons of rubbish a month -- about one and a half tons daily -- from the water, according to officials. But I am very optimistic that we can guarantee a fair regatta.More than nine million people live in Rio and towns around the rest of Guanabara Bay.Her brother Marco, who is also in the Brazilian sailing team, said all competitors run the same risks, where a simple plastic bag around a centerboard or rudder could ruin a race. At best only half the sewage they produce is treated before it pours into the city's watery heart.All competitors run the same risks, where a simple plastic bag around a centerboard or rudder could ruin a race.The first lines of defense, though, are so-called eco-barriers. "It's not something I even like to think about."That's not going to happen. It is a dirty, potentially dangerous job performed amid the choking stench of raw sewage, some of which comes from a favela slum next door."It could happen," he told AFP

It’s about how he changes things around and how things around him change eventually.Aditya Seal, most remembered for Tum Bin 2, is all set to surprise with his role in Namaste England, and has grown as an actor post bagging Student Of The Year 2 with Tiger Shroff. They trusted my work because they had heard about it a lot. When I met Shraddha, we all were chatting constantly.In females too, Shraddha Kapoor has got that tag. We were early and had a hearty, long chat.How has life been after Tum Bin 2? People know you since then…Correct. He’s a rich spoilt brat and a Casanova. It was so difficult to hide it, so I called up a very dear friend of mine and ranted to her for the next half an hour. A friend of Tiger even before the handsome actor joined the industry, Aditya even went on to speak about his first meetings with Shraddha Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, Varun Dhawan, Karan Johar and of course, Will Smith!

The actor also went on to speak about his injury, living with it and yet that not stopping him from achieving his dreams, as he also revealed some fun facts in his exclusive interview with Deccan Chronicle. I haven’t met Sidharth and would love to meet him. My forearms were swollen a day after.Do you have a scene with both the actors in the same frame?Yeah, of course. The songs and girls are so good! They’re both new girls but proving why they’re part of Student Of The Year. A friend of mine was working on the film.How does it feel being backed by Karan Johar himself?Karan Johar could be the Mukesh Ambani of film industry. We did all we could when we were making Tum Bin 2. I’ve lived with the injury for 18 years now! Even when we were filming action sequences for Student Of The Year, we were good enough and actually managed to do it since Tiger too was supportive. So I think I can take that pain right now. The first time I met him it didn’t feel like I was meeting THE Karan Johar because he makes you feel at home. There’s been a discussion with my production team, and it was a conscious decision because my entry would be like a shock and surprise in the film. That really hurts.You knew about Will Smith coming on SOTY 2 sets even before everybody else. We were actually kicking and punching each other. So the film’s fate didn’t really bow me down. It became nice since people started Table and Chairs knowing me and took me seriously. So since we know each other’s pluses and minuses, we were going all out while performing. He lives with his grandfather who he really loves. That feels good. I’m not usually a star-struck person but because of Will Smith, I really tried to make small talk to him and succeeded till an extent since we shared a few laughs. It felt like Karan Johar and I are good friends because I just messaged him regarding some work and he’s ready to help me out and asked me not to worry about it, he’s that hands-on!Now that you’ve worked with Dharma, is working with YRF also on your list?Yes, of course! Why wouldn’t I love to work with a big brand?Will it be a romantic or an unconventional movie with YRF?Absolutely a romantic film!. I even met Varun at Bhumi Pednekar’s birthday party. I was privileged and honoured to know this information. I still follow it religiously though. I’ve represented India at International events. She’s so much fun and easy as a person. And I didn’t even want anyone else to know about it by spilling it over. I didn’t look for it or even audition for the film. It wasn’t that difficult for me, even though I had to go through some round of auditions.

Describe your character…His name is Sam, born and brought up in London. Life has actually been pretty good.Stepping into Varun and Sidharth’s shoes, how does that feel?Those are big shoes to fill in! Right now, we’re just having a lot of fun on sets and are confident in our own space and mostly trust our director enough. He has a lot of girlfriends and lives life really large. A similar thing happened with Student Of The Year 2. It somehow didn’t connect with the audience and demonetization affected the film further. I still have this injury below my left knee, which was the reason I had to give up on the sport. How tough was it to keep that secret?I got to know 2-3 days before he came in! Somebody accidentally informed me, and hearing Will Smith’s name, I cried because I love that guy for the person he is, not just as an actor! Then I became a part of a very secret society because there were only 3 people on set who knew about this, and it was no other actor than me. As opposed to the impression I had about him, he came on set and hi-fived everyone, right from spotboys to junior artist, dancers and actors. Have you met her?Of course! I met her on the sets of Batti Gul, when they were shooting the final schedule. I figured this 2 days ago and it’s like directors love me for sequels. When I met him in his office, it was supposed to be 10 minutes of meeting, but ended up being an hour chat, that too with coffee! He was asking me about my life and I was getting to know him as Karan Johar the person. But it was you guys (media) who actually supported me by saying that I’ve done a good job. He’s at the top! When you think about that, you always feel whether you’ll be able to meet Karan Johar because people dream to work in his films and my dream came true.But then what about an out-and-out action film?I’ve been doing martial arts since a long time.Considering this, would you want Tiger in an action movie with you?Yeah, yeah, yeah! I love that guy, but I want to kill him! I love him to death because he’s a fabulous guy, but I want to kill him because he pushes you like nobody else can! It so happened that after the long day of getting bruises on you, when you just want to crash on your couch, Tiger comes in and says ‘Chal bhai abhi training karte hai’ and I used to go like ‘Arre yaar’ but couldn’t refuse him out of guilt. I used to be the vice-captain of my team.

That’s how the ice broke, and then it was easy to communicate. So is there any scope or wish that you pursue it now?No, no chance.Have you met the original students?I met Alia, since Akanksha Ranjan is a really dear friend of mine. We have common trainers in martial arts and gymnastics. Namaste England also came to me.With Tum Bin 2, Namaste England and Student Of The Year 2, you seem to become the hero of sequels…Well, yes. Is it true?Yeah, I actually am the surprise factor, which is why I’ve been kept under wraps. I still play decently. When she came, she went like ‘Oh my god it’s so hot man I’m not feeling well and I ate too much’.Then with the injury, how would you perform action stunts?I can’t put my knee on the ground, so I work around that. In fact me and Tiger trained together for martial arts which is how I know him even before Heropanti came out.Here are some excerpts from the interview:You seem to be the surprise factor in Namaste England. There was a time when we were patting each other’s backs. It was at Akanksha’s birthday party where I met Alia.You wanted to be a cricketer

"Often the impacts of climate change and man-made impacts are very hard to distinguish from each other. If you have cheaper light bulbs, you will only buy more light bulbs. We know that Harappa collapsed because of a climate change event, climate shifts have historically determined how human beings adapt to the world." He continues, "Also, if you actually grow your own food, there’s an intense pleasure in that. He is surprised how the 2005 Mumbai deluge hardly ever found any mention outside of news stories. If the world at large is choosing to turn a blind eye to the impacts Plastic Pallet Suppliers of climate change, Ghosh cites a probable reason behind this. But most people chose to concentrate on the political impact. Will it solve the problem It is just a different way of keeping the same system, making it go even faster," Ghosh concludes. One of the lifestyle choices that the world will need to collectively think of in the future, is eating less meat," he says. I think people prefer to ignore that. "

Their interests largely lie towards finding business solutions — creating opportunities in solar energy. Even when you are talking about replacing carbon-based energy sources with solar, it still leaves the question of how we are going to lower the agricultural emissions unanswered. The breakdown of Syria should make us think very carefully about the sort of effects that this might have," Ghosh says. They’d much rather focus on the local dimensions," he says. "It’s a strange thing that we, as people, think that politics is completely independent of climate or weather.After the historically potent Ibis trilogy, Amitav Ghosh surprised everyone by shifting gears in his very next — this time to address a geographical reality.. In fact, the connection between them is a deep and a complex one, he argues. "The question should not only apply to writers and artists. Ghosh mentions that his talks with the climate change bureaucracy have been largely unproductive. Then you put that in a bigger plastic bag. But at the same time, there is a meta-political question, much larger than national or local politics, which is one of greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, in Chennai when we had this terrible deluge, the effects of rainfall were greatly worsened by mismanagement. "He spoke of how efficiency in energy consumption leads to greater consumption. It also boils down to the human instinct of pinning the blame on someone, he points out." He points out how the problem was identified in the 19th century by one of the earliest energy economists, William Stanley Jevons. What sense does that make When we go to the bazaars in India, who puts things in plastic bags We just put it in a thaili and it’s not like that poisons us," he says. It has led to this huge influx of migrants, which may well have played a part in the Brexit decision. "It horrifies me how in America, when you go to buy vegetables, you have to put them in a plastic bag. That a conversation on climate change can seamlessly take us from insurgencies to the wonders of cooking, the impacts of it truly seem manifold. He says, "At that level, this has been a really profound road of discovery for me — like discovering the joys of cooking your own food.

The author feels that the more one becomes aware of this issue, the more one feels he or she can’t help but make changes in the way they live their own lives. While it may appear to be a departure from the kind of books he is known to write, with their narratives steeped in history, Ghosh points out that the phenomenon of climate change cannot be severed from history and political upheavals. It’s a genuinely educative thing, it sharpens your mind, it makes you creative, think on your feet. "Politics is more thrilling to talk about. And certainly, one of the things that most direly need to be addressed is how meat is produced. See the huge difference Bangladesh has made by banning the use of plastic bags. I was speaking to some very famous artists who were badly affected by the downpour, their houses were flooded, and they lost stuff. Who do you blame when it comes to nature " Ghosh questions the way governments around the world have been fostering a certain idea of growth, where everyone consumes more and more. "We like to think this is a product of our individual aspirations and desire to own, but all collective institutions have been complicit in promoting this. And quite rightly, those things do need to be focussed on. And Ghosh stresses on how food is not a minor part of it. That’s like you have a train that’s hurtling towards the cliff and you just want to change the fuel. I have asked them if they have written or spoken about it and strangely, it does not seem to be the case that many have. And in the deep background, the Syria upheaval really started with a drought, which led to the migration of hundreds of thousands of farmers. The author finds it odd how events of natural disaster have found little expression in works of art. Today we see a similar emergence of political and climactic interconnections. We should consider growing less methane-emitting varieties of rice. In many ways, it’s cooking that has been my connection with the environment forever. It should also apply to journalists," he says. Why the lack of intellectual engagement, we ask. I asked them if the event had at all featured in their art, and they said ‘no’," he says. This happens even in places where they encourage you to bring your own bag. "Thirty per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions come from the agricultural sector. A very large percentage of methane emissions come from meat. Also, especially since my children were born, I did all the cooking in the house. "I have spoken to many people who were here in 2005, during the terrible deluge. I cooked for them every single day, although they may not be glad about that," he adds with a chuckle. They are not interested in talking about how we could change the patterns of living. One of the most destabilising things we have seen in the recent years is the Syria conflict that has also destabilised Turkey and in some ways destabilised Europe. Given a choice between you stopping to use plastic personally and you telling the municipal government ‘let’s stop using plastic bags’, I would say the latter is much more important. Michael Pollen, the environment writer, says the single most important thing you can do for the environment is to cook your own food." He rues how Indian retail practices continue to ape American ways. It is nearly a caveat of sorts, in which the author summons us to confront the inevitability of the extreme impacts of climate change. When you cook your own food, you learn to be thrifty. As regards climate change, with many, it’s just the feeling that it’s too big to do anything about, let’s focus on these more local things where I can blame someone. My children never once ate fast food. As individuals, many of us might feel the desire to change our patterns of consumption, but the single most important thing we can do, is to apply pressure on collective institutions. I try to grow a certain amount of my food — I have a vegetable garden and a spice garden. The just released book, titled The Great Derangement, is a work of non-fiction

This figure includes the units in whose case the direction of closure was revoked later on.He said the previous Congress government had banned plastic in Delhi through a law in 2009 and later expanded it to all plastic packaging and single-use disposable plastic, but the ban is rarely enforced. He said this clearly shows that there is a Rs 750 crore scam in the Delhi government’s move to purchase 1,000 electric buses, as the Kejriwal government has given inflated figures in its affidavit to the apex court.Mr Maken said that though the government had presented a "Green Budget" this year, it had not taken any steps to control pollution in the national capital. He said air pollution in Delhi has been going up during the past few winter months, leading to unprecedented levels due to adverse weather conditions etc in the NCR.75 crore per bus in Bengaluru.6 million plastic waste annually, and, as per government figures, Delhi is the worst city for plastic consumption.Mr Maken said that the EPCA had wondered from where did the AAP government arrived at the figure of Rs 2.The EPCA also referred to the AAP government’s "past track record" of inducting conventional CNG buses, which was nothing to gloat about. Out of the 312 closure directions in 2017-18 by the DPCC, 64 units were effectively closed.

The EPCA had then informed the Supreme Court that the Delhi government was preparing the launch of the electric buses without any preparation.Addressing a press conference, Mr Maken said that the Supreme Court-monitored Environment Pollution Control Authority (EPCA), in its recent report, has recommended that the court should not clear the government proposal in Delhi as it lacks detailing.He said plastic bags were still the staple for carrying vegetables, fruit, meat and restaurant take always. During 2016-17, the Delhi Pollution Control Committee  had issued 10,797 show cause notices for the closure of under water, air, environment Act, which was reduced to 803 in 2017-18.94 crore is the balance amount lying with the Delhi Government.Mr Maken said that Delhi Maintenance and Management Parking Rules, 2017, prepared by the transport department last year, had to come into force by October 2017, but this policy was nowhere near implementation. He said the air quality index of Delhi is  worse even in summer. He said the ambitious Phase IV of the metro project has been stuck for over a year with the Delhi government due to "financial reasons", though the DPR of the project was cleared in July 2014. The Congress leader said that the government has to release subsidies to e-rickshaw owners from ‘air ambience fund’. But still, 6,168 e-rickshaw owners did not avail of the facility.He said there was poor enforcement of pollution control laws. He said the Congress will take up with the BJP government at the Centre and the AAP government in Delhi to take strict action at the production and consumption levels of plastic by enforcing the law strictly.

He said  the government was going to spend much more per one electric bus than any other city in the country.Mr  Maken said the EPCA, headed by Bure Lal, had informed the Supreme Court about the extra Rs 750 crore that the AAP government would be wasting on buying the electric buses, which was a serious issue. He said while in winter people are breathing pollutants equalling 42 cigarettes, Injection Plastic Products Manufacturers during this summer they breathe pollutants equivalent to 7 to 8 cigarettes cigarette smoking. The metro ridership has come down after the Kejriwal government hiked the metro fares twice in a year.The Congress leader said despite the demand for more DTC buses,  there has been no addition to its fleet during the three years of the Kejriwal government. He said that India is the global host of this year’s World Environment Day and "Beat Plastic Pollution" is the central theme of this event, but as a responsible Opposition, the Congress was highlighted how air and environment pollution levels have been getting worse with every passing day in Delhi.Mr Maken said, shockingly, India generates around 5. He said that India had 14 of the world’s 15 worst cities for dirty air in a recent WHO survey-2018.New Delhi: Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee president Ajay Maken on Tuesday said that there was a scam of Rs 750 crore in the proposal of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government to purchase 1,000 electric buses for the city.5 crore while the Congress government in Karnataka had bought electric buses for Rs 1.As on 31-3-2018, Rs 181.

These extreme rules got Al-Qaeda run out of town by Sunni tribal militias.It has planted landmines and bombs across Yemen that have killed hundreds, held journalists hostage and, Plastic Pallet Manufacturers in 2015, orchestrated the massacre at the offices of the Charlie Hebdo newspaper in Paris. In 2000, it bombed the USS Cole, a military ship refueling in a Yemen harbor, killing 17 sailors. Rather, it allowed a local council to govern according their own norms and customs.How Al-Qaeda grewIslamic groups and individual extremists flocked to Bin Laden’s cause after 9/11. They began building credibility, establishing alliances and recruiting fighters.For years, bin Laden tried to merge with such extremist groups as Egypt’s Ibn al-Khattab and the Libyan Islamic Fighting group, hoping to create a global Islamist movement.For decades, it was a small, weak and uninspiring movement.By 2015, when bin Laden was killed, Al-Qaeda was a network of regional caliphates. These disparate groups lacked a common enemy that could unite them in Al-Qaeda’s fight for an Islamic caliphate.9 trillion, killed an estimated 480,000 to 507,000 people and assassinated bin Laden, Al-Qaeda has grown and spread since 9/11, expanding from rural Afghanistan into North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, the Gulf States, the Middle East and Central Asia.Nonetheless, Al-Qaeda – a Sunni terror group – saw political opportunity in Yemen’s civil war.So bin Laden shifted his strategy.(This story has been taken from The Conversation/Global).Bin Laden hoped the US would respond with a military invasion into Muslim majority territory, triggering a holy war that would put Al-Qaeda at the forefront of the fight against these unholy invaders. It now has about 7,000 fighters in Yemen, most of them Sunnis recruited from territory the Houthis have attempted to take over. And the "war on terror" has helped, not hurt it.Although this conflict appears sectarian in nature, the Yemen scholar Marieke Brandt argues it is largely about political power – namely, the Yemeni government’s longstanding neglect of the Houthi minority, who come from northern Yemen.But newly minted regional Al-Qaeda leaders – people like Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Iraq, Ahmed Abdi Godane in Somalia and Nasir al-Wuhayshi in Yemen – enjoyed enough autonomy to pursue their own agendas in these unstable places. That, in turn, ensured Al-Qaeda could keep using Yemen as a regional headquarters.

He decided to make the United States – a country most Islamic extremist groups see as the enemy of Islam – his main target.Bin Laden expected Al-Qaeda affiliates to adhere to certain core values, strategies and, of course, pursue the objective of establishing an Islamic caliphate.In adapting its methods to Yemeni culture, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula has made some missteps.To evade US detection, Al-Qaeda had to limit communication between its newly decentralized fronts. But as late as 1996 he had just 30 fighters willing to die for the cause.After Al-Qaeda operatives flew planes into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, killing 2,977 people, Bin Laden got his wish.Al-Qaeda Iraq, Al-Shabaab and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, as their groups came to be known, embedded themselves in the local political scene.These organizations rejected bin Laden’s overtures.The group has played up religious divisions in the civil war.Al-Qaeda also paid for long-neglected public services like schools, water and electricity – effectively becoming the state.In 2011, the group attempted to impose extremely strict Islamic rule over two areas it controlled in south Yemen. Bin Laden sought to raise an Islamic coalition of forces to establish a caliphate – an Islamic state governed with strict Islamic law – across the Muslim world.A similar shift from global to local has occurred in Al-Qaeda affiliates in Somalia, Iraq and Syria. It has also ingratiated itself to Yemen’s Saudi Arabia-backed government and fought alongside Sunni tribal militias to battle the Houthi incursion. Eighteen months later, it invaded Iraq.Yemen has been in civil war since 2015 when a Houthi Shiite armed group declared war against the country’s Sunni Muslim government.So how does a religious extremist group with fewer than a hundred members in September 2001 become a transnational terror organization, even as the world’s biggest military has targeted it for elimination?According to my dissertation, research on the resiliency of Al-Qaeda and the work of other scholars, the US "war on terror" was the catalyst for Al-Qaeda’s growth.The United States invaded Afghanistan on October 7, 2001.Leaders were killed by drone strikes or driven into hiding.Despite a United States-led global "war on terror" that has cost US USD 5.At the same time, the war in Afghanistan was decimating Al-Qaeda’s core operations.The strategy has been remarkably effective for Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda instituted rigid punishments of the sort common in Afghanistan, such as cutting off the hands of a thief and banning the chewed stimulant plant called khat.Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula had hundreds of fighters at its founding in 2009.Al-Qaeda is no longer a hierarchical organization taking orders from its famous, charismatic leader, as it was on 9/11.In 1998, Al-Qaeda waged successful attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya. Al-Qaeda became the nucleus of a global violent Islamist movement, with affiliates across the Middle East and Africa swearing their allegiance.The US government considers Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula to be the most sophisticated and threatening branch of Al-Qaeda.According to the International Crisis Group, a humanitarian organization, this softer stance helped garner the acceptance of the local population.Manipulation of a sectarian divideAl-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, headquartered in Yemen, is a case study in how the group now wields its power more locally. The Bush administration claimed killing 75% of Al-Qaeda leadership.But it is stronger and more resilient than it was under bin Laden.United States: Al-Qaeda has recruited an estimated 40,000 fighters since September 11, 2001, when the Osama bin Laden-led extremist group attacked the United States, according to the not-for-profit Council on Foreign Relations. Using its Arabic magazine, martyrdom videos, poetry and popular songs, Al-Qaeda has endeared itself to the local Sunni people and Yemen’s powerful Sunni tribal leaders.In those places, Al-Qaeda has developed new political influence – in some areas even supplanting the local government.The next time Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula asserted its political power over parts of Yemen left ungoverned in the chaos of civil war, in 2015, it did not rule directly over these territories. Today its territory spans from Afghanistan and Pakistan to North Africa, the Middle East and beyond. That meant the group’s global leadership had to have autonomy to operate relatively independently.Bin Laden and the ‘war on terror’Al-Qaeda was founded in Pakistan in 1988 in response to the Soviet invasion of neighboring Afghanistan. Bin Laden and other Al-Qaeda leaders sought refuge in places like the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan and Yemen – remote areas outside the easy reach of US ground forces. And it kept the khat market open

With the introduction of plastic, now plastic caps have become more and more popular and they are widely used by all manufacturers of caps. Such plastic should be �non reactive’ in character. According to history, the first bottle cap was manufactured in the year 1890. For example, if the contents of the bottle are for single use, then threaded type of cap may not be required. But, such superior variety of plastic may not be required for bottles containing say engine oil etc. These caps are manufactured to the specific need of the customer. By the term �Cap’ it does not necessarily mean a �Bottle Cap’. Of course some manufacturers are using metal caps and cork, but it is on a limited scale. But, if the contents in the bottle are used for longer duration, then threaded variety of bottle cap would be required. Depending on the end use of the cap, the manufacturer would decide on the type or variety of plastic to be used. In such cases the person has to select the appropriate type of cap to suit his need. Thereafter many designs of bottle caps came to the market. Some caps are flexible in nature whereas others are hard. This will enable the customer to replace the damaged or missing cap. But, such superior variety of plastic may not be required for bottles containing say engine oil etc. With the introduction of plastic, now plastic caps have become more and more popular and they are widely used by all manufacturers of caps. They are also available in various colors. In such cases, just �flip-flop’ variety of bottle cap would be sufficient. Types of Plastic Caps: The type of cap to be used also depends on the end use of the product inside the bottle. The plastic caps are easy to be removed. .

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